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Chemical dosing can be combined with lamellar settlers which provide a high surface area for settling and thus allow a more compact design. The combination of coagulation and/or flocculation tanks and lamella settler can also be enhanced with sand as a nucleation agent of flocs, which is then called “ballasted sedimentation”. The sand is separated from primary sludge by hydrocyclone before being recycled to the flocculation tank. CEPT allows a higher extraction of COD in primary treatment (up to 50-70%) than simple settlers and thus can be a first step for an energy-efficient WWTP scheme.

The process can also be combined with lamellar settlers for a compact footprint. DAF is highly suitable for eliminating fatty or oily compounds in wastewater which usually originate from industrial discharge (e.g. food processing, slaughterhouse). For municipal wastewater, DAF can be used for enhanced carbon extraction as primary treatment step in a WWTP, especially if industrial contribution with floatable organics is substantial.

Water to be treated flows by gravity into the filter via the centre drum. The media mounted on the partially-submerged drum separates solids from the water. The filtered water flows through the media into the collection tank. Once solids have accumulated on the filter and a critical head loss is achieved, the media is cleaned by a counter-current backwash system. The filters are in continuous operation even during backwash and high solids events.

Coagulants and flocculants can be added upstream the filter unit in order to improve the filterability of the particles. The dose and type of chemicals applied also have an impact on the pollutant removal efficiencies that can be achieved in the microscreens. Such a feature allows for precise particle removal up to the values required by the user by careful control of the chemical dose (mg-chemical added/TSS to be removed).

In the 2nd stage which is operated at higher sludge age, nitrification and denitrification take place. Nitrogen removal can be optimised and adjusted to varying operating conditions by bypassing a part of influent wastewater in the 2nd stage for increasing the COD availability for denitrification or by returning a part of the nitrate rich WWTP effluent back to the anoxic zone of the 1st stage. The advantages of 2-stage treatment concepts could be confirmed at several large size WWTPs.

The energetic advantage of the 2-stage treatment configuration can be further increased by integrating a nitritation process to treat the ammonium-rich sludge dewatering effluent in sidestream. The treated wastewater stream can be then reintroduced in the 1st stage, promoting denitritation of the produced nitrite instead of denitrification. The saved COD load is then available for enhanced biogas production in the digester or for improving TN removal at plants with unfavourable TN/COD influent composition. In addition, the implementation of sidestream nitritation decreases operating costs of a 2 stage WWTP due to the better conditions for ammonium oxidation in sidestream than in mainstream (higher oxygen transfer rate).

Whereas sidestream nitritation combined with denitritation in mainstream is nearly energetically equivalent to sidestream anammox (oxygen demand in both cases ~ 1.5 gO2/gNremoved), nitritation exhibits a much more stable operation and lower investment and operation costs for process control.

This problem can be mitigated by operating two reactors in series in a cascade design, where the sludge from the top of digestor 1 is fed by gravity to the top of digestor 2. Statistical variability of retention time can be lowered by the defined transfer of sludge from one reactor to another, so that the overall retention time is more close to the targeted value. Cascade digestion proved to increase biological degradation of sewage sludge without requiring larger tank volume. Existing digestors can thus be operated in cascading mode to make better use of the available infrastructure.

While most of the biological sludge is separated from purified water in a final sedimentation tank (clarifier) and recirculated to the activated sludge process, a fraction of the surplus sludge is separated as excess sludge from the treatment process. There are multiple configurations for activated sludge systems to enable the enrichment of specific microbial groups for elimination of nitrogen and phosphorus. Sludge age, biomass concentration and oxygen conditions are major parameters to be adjusted in an activated sludge systems to guarantee the desired capacity of the treatment process.

Deammonification process can be configured in one or two reactors. Performing deammonification in two reactors, where aerobic nitritation and anoxic ammonium oxidation are performed separately, gives better possibilities for optimising the growth conditions for AOB and anammox bacteria. On the other hand, deammonification in one single reactor benefits from generally lower investment costs and lower demand for operational maintenance. To allow simultaneous nitritation and anammox process, one stage deammonification is carried out in biofilms, where the biofilm can grow on carriers, or be in granules or flocs. In the biofilm, the AOB are enriched in the outer layer of the biofilm and the anammox bacteria in the anoxic inner layer of the biofilm. Specific operational conditions (pH, temperature, oxygen level) are maintained within the reactor to allow the process specific bacteria to grow in the biofilm.

Deammonification for side-stream treatment is a state of art technology, where high ammonia concentration with low COD concentration are typical characteristics of the side-stream water from dewatering of digested sludge. This reject water is usually sent back to the main treatment line, where the treatment of this ammonia load through conventional nitrification/denitrification can be quite cost-intensive. The use of deammonification process on side-stream water can dramatically reduce the nitrogen load on the existing biological treatment line. It is also a way to treat a part of the nitrogen at a low energy. In addition, since it allows a reduction of the nitrogen load on the main treatment line, it is also a solution to upgrade an overloaded existing wastewater treatment plant at a low cost.

Today, deammonification technologies for side-stream treatment are state-of-the-art. However, the application of deammonification on mainstream municipal effluent faces several challenges, due to the low temperature, low ammonia concentration and higher COD/NH4-N ratios, which result in competition between the different bacterial consortiums (AOB, Nitrite Oxidising Bacteria (NOB), anammox bacteria and heterotrophs (OHO)), and the requirements for an efficient NOB repression strategy.

One approach for implementation of deammonification in the mainstream is the one-stage Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge (IFAS) process, which consists of a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) with the addition of an external settler for sludge retention. With this configuration, anammox bacteria preferentially grow in the biofilm on the carriers while the aerobic AOB tend to grow in the suspended sludge. The integration of activated sludge and biofilm is an effective approach to improve single-stage biofilm deammonification processes, as suspended growth is capable of enriching nitrifiers and improving the rate of nitritation at low DO levels due to less limitation on mass transfer, while carriers with anammox biomass are easily and securely retained in the reactor.

For mainstream deammonification applications, the IFAS configuration provides fast and robust physical separation between anammox-rich biofilm carriers and nitrifier-rich suspended sludge, which allows for easy control of the sludge age in the system and therefore efficient selective wash-out of NOB while retaining anammox. The IFAS configuration also has the advantage of being more tolerant towards soluble biodegradable COD (sbCOD), making it possible to handle an influent with a relatively high sbCOD/NH4-N ratio. Additionally, the IFAS configuration can be readily retrofitted into existing activated sludge systems.

Today, deammonification technologies for side-stream treatment are state of the art. However, the application of deammonification on mainstream municipal effluent faces several challenges, due to the low temperature, low ammonia concentration and higher COD/NH4-N ratios, which result in competition between the different bacterial consortiums (AOB, Nitrite Oxidising Bacteria (NOB), anammox bacteria and heterotrophs (OHO)), and the requirements for an efficient NOB repression strategy.

One approach for implementation of deammonification in the mainstream is the two-stage Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) configuration. With the MBBR, the biomass is growing on carriers which are easily and securely retained in the reactor. Hence, the two-stage MBBR system for deammonification enables a compact solution with a high accumulation of nitrifying biomass.

With the two-stage configuration for deammonification, ideal conditions for each of the desired bacteria group can be achieved in separate MBBRs. In the first MBBR, aeration ensures a high DO to achieve efficient nitritation with AOB biofilm, while in the second, a mechanically mixed and anoxic stage, nitrite and ammonia are converted to nitrogen gas through the anammox pathway, without any competition for substrates from oxidising bacteria or heterotrophs. NOB suppression is achieved in the nitritation stage by maintaining thin biofilms and periodically exposing the biomass to strongly suppressing conditions, such as switching the feed from mainstream wastewater to high-strength and high-temperature side-stream water. Hence, NOB can be supressed in the aerated zone without affecting the anammox. Thin biofilms are ensured in the nitritation stage by using the AnoxKTM Z carrier with biofilm thickness control.

Due to the high biomass content in the biofilms, the MBBR process has a small footprint and high volumetric removal efficiency. The carriers are retained in the reactor by sieves, ensuring that the critical biomass will remain in the reactor also at low temperatures and high hydraulic flows. When needed, the MBBR can be staged in series to promote enrichment of different groups of bacteria dependent on reactor conditions and substrate availability. The MBBR works both for aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic applications.

The MBBR technology has been successfully applied since the 1980´s, treating both industrial and municipal wastewaters. Generally, the MBBR is applied for the biological removal of carbon (through heterotrophic respiration) and nitrogen (through nitrification-denitrification), although the long retention of biomass in the MBBR also makes it advantageous for deammonification, and for the removal of some toxic compounds and micropollutants. The MBBR can also be used in combination with existing activated sludge systems in a hybrid system.